sejarah matematika

Matematika (dari bahasa Yunani: μαθηματικά - mathēmatiká) adalah studi besaran, struktur, ruang, dan perubahan. Para matematikawan mencari berbagai pola,^[2][3] merumuskan konjektur baru, dan membangun kebenaran melalui metode deduksi yang kaku dari aksioma-aksioma dan definisi-definisi yang bersesuaian.^[4]
Terdapat perselisihan tentang apakah objek-objek matematika seperti bilangan dan titik hadir secara alami, atau hanyalah buatan manusia. Seorang matematikawan Benjamin Peirce menyebut matematika sebagai "ilmu yang menggambarkan simpulan-simpulan yang penting".^[5] Di pihak lain, Albert Einstein menyatakan bahwa "sejauh hukum-hukum matematika merujuk kepada kenyataan, mereka tidaklah pasti; dan sejauh mereka pasti, mereka tidak merujuk kepada kenyataan."^[6]
Melalui penggunaan penalaran logika dan abstraksi, matematika berkembang dari pencacahan, perhitungan, pengukuran, dan pengkajian sistematis terhadap bangun dan pergerakan benda-benda fisika. Matematika praktis telah menjadi kegiatan manusia sejak adanya rekaman tertulis. Argumentasi kaku pertama muncul di dalam Matematika Yunani, terutama di dalam karya Euklides, Elemen. Matematika selalu berkembang, misalnya di Cina pada tahun 300 SM, di India pada tahun 100 M, dan di Arab pada tahun 800 M, hingga zaman Renaisans, ketika temuan baru matematika berinteraksi dengan penemuan ilmiah baru yang mengarah pada peningkatan yang cepat di dalam laju penemuan matematika yang berlanjut hingga kini.^[7]
Kini, matematika digunakan di seluruh dunia sebagai alat penting di berbagai bidang, termasuk ilmu alam, teknik, kedokteran/medis, dan ilmu sosial seperti ekonomi, dan psikologi. Matematika terapan, cabang matematika yang melingkupi penerapan pengetahuan matematika ke bidang-bidang lain, mengilhami dan membuat penggunaan temuan-temuan matematika baru, dan kadang-kadang mengarah pada pengembangan disiplin-disiplin ilmu yang sepenuhnya baru, seperti statistika dan teori permainan. Para matematikawan juga bergulat di dalam matematika murni, atau matematika untuk perkembangan matematika itu sendiri, tanpa adanya penerapan di dalam pikiran, meskipun penerapan praktis yang menjadi latar munculnya matematika murni ternyata seringkali ditemukan terkemudian.^[8]

NEWTON

A man may imagine things that are false, but he can only understand things that are true, for if the things be false, the apprehension of them is not understanding.
Isaac Newton

Errors are not in the art but in the artificers.
Isaac Newton

I can calculate the motion of heavenly bodies, but not the madness of people.
Isaac Newton

I was like a boy playing on the sea-shore, and diverting myself now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me.
Isaac Newton

If I have done the public any service, it is due to my patient thought.
Isaac Newton

If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants.
Isaac Newton

It is the weight, not numbers of experiments that is to be regarded.
Isaac Newton

Tact is the art of making a point without making an enemy.
Isaac Newton

To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction.
Isaac Newton

To me there has never been a higher source of earthly honor or distinction than that connected with advances in science.
Isaac Newton

To myself I am only a child playing on the beach, while vast oceans of truth lie undiscovered before me.
Isaac Newton

We are to admit no more causes of natural things than such as are both true and sufficient to explain their appearances.
Isaac Newton

We build too many walls and not enough bridges.
Isaac Newton

EISTEIN QUOTEZ

Imagination is everything. It is the preview of life's coming attractions.
Albert Einstein

Imagination is more important than knowledge.
Albert Einstein

In matters of truth and justice, there is no difference between large and small problems, for issues concerning the treatment of people are all the same.
Albert Einstein

In order to be an immaculate member of a flock of sheep, one must above all be a sheep oneself.
Albert Einstein

Information is not knowledge.
Albert Einstein

Insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results.
Albert Einstein

Intellectual growth should commence at birth and cease only at death.
Albert Einstein

Intellectuals solve problems, geniuses prevent them.
Albert Einstein

Isn't it strange that I who have written only unpopular books should be such a popular fellow?
Albert Einstein

It gives me great pleasure indeed to see the stubbornness of an incorrigible nonconformist warmly acclaimed.
Albert Einstein

It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity.
Albert Einstein

It is a miracle that curiosity survives formal education.
Albert Einstein

It is my conviction that killing under the cloak of war is nothing but an act of murder.
Albert Einstein

It is only to the individual that a soul is given.
Albert Einstein

It is strange to be known so universally and yet to be so lonely.
Albert Einstein

It is the supreme art of the teacher to awaken joy in creative expression and knowledge.
Albert Einstein

It should be possible to explain the laws of physics to a barmaid.
Albert Einstein

It stands to the everlasting credit of science that by acting on the human mind it has overcome man's insecurity before himself and before nature.
Albert Einstein

It was the experience of mystery - even if mixed with fear - that engendered religion.
Albert Einstein

It's not that I'm so smart, it's just that I stay with problems longer.
Albert Einstein

EISTEIN QUOTEZ

I am not only a pacifist but a militant pacifist. I am willing to fight for peace. Nothing will end war unless the people themselves refuse to go to war.
Albert Einstein

I believe that a simple and unassuming manner of life is best for everyone, best both for the body and the mind.
Albert Einstein

I cannot imagine a God who rewards and punishes the objects of his creation and is but a reflection of human frailty.
Albert Einstein

I do not believe in immortality of the individual, and I consider ethics to be an exclusively human concern with no superhuman authority behind it.
Albert Einstein

I do not believe in the God of theology who rewards good and punishes evil.
Albert Einstein

I do not believe that civilization will be wiped out in a war fought with the atomic bomb. Perhaps two-thirds of the people of the earth will be killed.
Albert Einstein

I have just got a new theory of eternity.
Albert Einstein

I have no special talent. I am only passionately curious.
Albert Einstein

I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones.
Albert Einstein

I live in that solitude which is painful in youth, but delicious in the years of maturity.
Albert Einstein

I never think of the future - it comes soon enough.
Albert Einstein

I shall never believe that God plays dice with the world.
Albert Einstein

I think and think for months and years. Ninety-nine times, the conclusion is false. The hundredth time I am right.
Albert Einstein

I used to go away for weeks in a state of confusion.
Albert Einstein

I want to know all Gods thoughts; all the rest are just details.
Albert Einstein

If people are good only because they fear punishment, and hope for reward, then we are a sorry lot indeed.
Albert Einstein

If the facts don't fit the theory, change the facts.
Albert Einstein

If we knew what it was we were doing, it would not be called research, would it?
Albert Einstein

If you are out to describe the truth, leave elegance to the tailor.
Albert Einstein

If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.
Albert Einstein
 

EISTEIN QUOTEZ

A man should look for what is, and not for what he thinks should be.
Albert Einstein

A perfection of means, and confusion of aims, seems to be our main problem.
Albert Einstein

A person who never made a mistake never tried anything new.
Albert Einstein

A question that sometimes drives me hazy: am I or are the others crazy?
Albert Einstein

A table, a chair, a bowl of fruit and a violin; what else does a man need to be happy?
Albert Einstein

All religions, arts and sciences are branches of the same tree.
Albert Einstein

All that is valuable in human society depends upon the opportunity for development accorded the individual.
Albert Einstein

All these primary impulses, not easily described in words, are the springs of man's actions.
Albert Einstein

An empty stomach is not a good political adviser.
Albert Einstein

Anger dwells only in the bosom of fools.
Albert Einstein

Any intelligent fool can make things bigger and more complex... It takes a touch of genius - and a lot of courage to move in the opposite direction.
Albert Einstein

Any man who can drive safely while kissing a pretty girl is simply not giving the kiss the attention it deserves.
Albert Einstein

Any man who reads too much and uses his own brain too little falls into lazy habits of thinking.
Albert Einstein

Anyone who doesn't take truth seriously in small matters cannot be trusted in large ones either.
Albert Einstein

Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.
Albert Einstein

As far as I'm concerned, I prefer silent vice to ostentatious virtue.
Albert Einstein

As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain, and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality.
Albert Einstein

Before God we are all equally wise - and equally foolish.
Albert Einstein

Common sense is the collection of prejudices acquired by age eighteen.
Albert Einstein

Concern for man and his fate must always form the chief interest of all technical endeavors. Never forget this in the midst of your diagrams and equations.
Albert Einstein